Why Do Students Get A Job - 1541 Words

Chapter 1 Background and Setting: Over the last decade there has been a significant increase in student mobility, from 2.1 million international students studying outside of their home countries in 2000 to 4.5 million in 2014 (Project Atlas, 2015). This represents a 100% increase and out of all the nations the United States of America continues to attract most students across the globe. According to the Institute of International Education’s (IIE) Open Doors Report, the international student population has been on a steady increase since 2001-2002, and in 2014-2015, 974,926 international students were enrolled in U.S. higher education institutions (2015). It is clearly evident that USA became the dream world for the higher education. Why do students get a job? The answer may vary depending upon student’s background, ethnicity, family situation, financial situation, and other variables (Guo, 2015, p. 1). According to Dundes, and Marx (2006)† reason for working was to earn spending money (80%), followed by the need to pay basic living expenses (65%) and to pay tuition (29%). The latter two reasons for working were much more commonly cited by those working 20+ hours/week. Fewer students were working to please their parent/s (13%) and even fewer (8%) viewed working as a means to fill extra time in their schedules† (p. 114). The reasons to do on campus jobs are also different for United States students and International students work for many reasons; financial need is theShow MoreRelatedIs College For Everyone?843 Words   |  4 PagesNowadays, seniors students in high school are qualified to graduate and peregrinate to college to get a degree for their future jobs. There is an author, Pharinet, who verbally expresses that, â€Å"That there are too many students enrolled in school who simply don’t belong there† (680). 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Clinical Practice Reflection - 1592 Words

A REFLECTIVE CLINICAL PRACTICE EXPERIENCE Introduction My reflective clinical practice experience was based on my eight weeks placement in an acute mental health ward in a hospital. I was not sure of what to expect because I have never worked or placed in an acute ward and this was my second placement. Before starting my placement, I visited the ward and was inducted around the ward. This gave me a bit of confidence and reassurance about working in an acute ward. Reflection is a process of learning from ones experience (Spalding, 1998). The objective of my experience is to show the positive effect of using therapeutic communication skills with patients. Therapeutic communication can be described as a face to face technique of†¦show more content†¦I proceeded to arrange a date and time of our meeting. In our first meeting, he did not engage much with me as I started wrongly with him by mentioning his diagnosis of type 2 diabetic. This was a precipitating factor for him to disengage and he walked away. I felt really bad, but my mentor took over the key work session and reassures him that I was only trying to give him more information about this illness. For the rest of the shift, I played his favourite board game ‘dominos’ with him and at the end, he said see you tomorrow. Before I finished my shift, I reflected back at what happened with my mentor. Going through the theories and the practicalities involved in nursing care interventions without having a good knowledge of using therapeutic communication with patients will amount to nothing. According to Ellis, Gates and Kenworthy (2003, p.214) says that good communication is vital to effective nursing and it is a good skill for a mental health nursing to be able to build up a therapeutic rapport with patients. In my fifth face to face communication with Mr K, he opened to us why he refused to be prick in his fingers for blood sugar and also about his diagnosis. 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Organizational Values free essay sample

The decision individual makes reflect their personal beliefs about what is important for them and the decision organization make reflect their personal belief about what they think is important. The personal and organizational value develops based on the decisions we make. Value alignment comes into place when the values of an individual are same as the values of their organization. If there is no alignment between the organization and employees, then the organization becomes in a more stressful condition. Companies who create a value alignment have very few problems. They know what their employees want and they know how to provide it. The value of the employees is important for successful for an organization. The values of an organization and the values of the nurse impact nurse engagement and patient outcomes. If the nurses have a happy environment in the hospital, it becomes a happy environment for the customers too. When nursing staff members feel empowered in the decision making process, they are energized to share their best talent, and skill. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Values or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nurses are the nucleus of the health care organization (Nurses as implementers, 2003). An alignment between hospital and nurses will increase nurses’ satisfaction as well as patient satisfaction. The importance of effective communication in nursing is important when it comes to interacting with patients, medical team members and doctors. Miscommunication causes misunderstandings, low performance, misdiagnosis and patient suffering. Therefore, nurses acquire effective communication skills in order to competently supervise. Communication in nursing practice serves a vital function in the building of helpful relationship patients, and coworkers. Taking time to listen to and understand patients experiences convey a message that patients feeling cared for and respected. Through communication a patient can be reassured and understand their sickness fully. Once, when I worked as a charge nurse, a patient wanted to inform me about something. She told me that her assigned nurse was not giving pain medication on correct time, and demanded for a different nurse. When I talked to the assigned nurse she told me that she gave all pain medication on time and that patient was ready to be discharged but the problem as that the patient didn’t want to leave. I checked the medication administration record and it indicated that the nurse gave all the medication on time. I didn’t change the assigned nurse instead I decided to take care of the patient. I talked with the patient asked her why she doesn’t want to go home. She replied saying that the pharmacy she gets her medication from is closed on Saturday and Sunday and she cannot get her discharge medication until Monday. She also complained about not having any ride back home after being discharged. I called the social worker and she arranged to get her medication for the patient from hospital’s charity for few days and also provided the patient with a cab voucher. I called the cab and discharged the patient home without any problem. The way I handled this situation was by communicating to the patient, and knowing her needs, and acting accordingly. By effectively communicating, problems can be solved easier without any further dissatisfaction from the patient. Nurses are able to prevent or manage conflicts by improving their communication skills. It is important for the nurse to try to understand the other party’s situation. Then the nurses can become focused about being understood. Typically during a conversation, an individual is already tries to think of a response to give to a person instead of just listening to what is being said (Marshall, 2006). Most importantly the nurse must have the patience to listen, and not interrupt while the other person is talking. A good communication skill allows the nurse to resolve his or her own conflicts or take appropriate actions for conflict resolution between other individuals. Communication is the key factor in response to any problems. Effective communication helps maintaining credibility by solving the problems that arrive. Effective communication techniques influence the values of other nurses and are effective in problem-solving processes in the organization and the profession. People use organization values to lead themselves throughout their lives. Organizational values and each employee’s personal values need to blend in as well as impact peoples behaviors and attitudes in the workplace. When employees fails to connections between taking responsibility for living their own lives and the accomplishment of organizational objectives, those organizations run the risk of falling short on promises made to customers, or worse, failing to meet ethical or legal standards.

Recent Developments in the Doctrine of Consideration

Question: Discuss how the development of economic duress has allowed the courts to move away from a rigid adherence to the doctrine of consideration? Answer: Introduction Generally, in contracts, there are three basic elements namely the agreement, the intention to create a legal obligation and the consideration. The doctrine of consideration is important because it endeavours to bind the parties to an agreement and checks the legal limits on them. The two principal rules associated with the doctrine of consideration are that it should move from the promise, but it may or may not reach the promisor and secondly, it may not be adequate, but it should be sufficient. The question that arises is that whether the doctrine of consideration is relevant in today's world or not. Does the doctrine establish in the case of Williams v Roffey still exist or have there been other doctrines that have taken up its place? In today's world, the existence of consideration has become very minimal, and the judges have resorted to going to extreme ends to juggle up considerations. Can we in today's context say that the doctrine of consideration is becoming redundant gradually? This application is widely happening in the transactions having a commercial nature. In the case of Williams v Roffey, it was established that a consideration that is factual and against the legal benefits shall be a proper consideration. Thus, the definition as to what constitutes proper consideration became much wider in ambit. The precedent of Williams has been applied on various instances in the Singapore Law like that of Sea-Land Service Inc v Cheong Fook Chee Vincent. The application of the doctrine of consideration is day by day becoming obsolete although it has not become totally redundant. The Doctrine of Consideration The principle upon which the doctrine of consideration primarily rests is the concept of factual benefit with the requirement that it should be sufficient. This concept of factual benefit gives the same purpose as that of the doctrine of consideration thereby negating the sufficiency requirement. This gives rise to the question that does this not make the doctrine absolutely unneeded? There are also various concerns regarding the application of the doctrine of consideration. In the case of Williams v Roffey, it was held by the judges that the promise that was made was sufficient and qualified within the terms of the consideration. But, in the case of Stilk v Myrick, it was ruled by the Courts that no consideration existed as the matter was with the presentation of an active contract. Both of these matters deal with the issue that a promise had been made to pay more than that owed under the contractual obligations. The decision given in these two cases is entirely opposite. The concern in this regard is the justification provided by Lord Justice Russell in Williams. It is very clear from the statement put forth that the judge was not pleased with the judgment pronounced in the case of Stilk. While there is such a big difference in the application of the same doctrine in different areas, then, what should be the base for the upcoming litigations to remove the incons istency in the same law? These inconsistencies help in contemplating the effectiveness of the doctrine of consideration. Application of the Doctrine As far as the applicability of the doctrine of consideration is concerned, there are unquestionably certain issues that raise questions on its effectiveness. This doctrine is becoming redundant gradually, and there are several other doctrines that are day by day encompassing the essence of consideration and reshaping it. The other doctrines in this aspect are the doctrine of promissory estoppels, undue influence, the doctrine of duress, unconscionability, etc. Vitiating factors are often used by the Courts as a means in alteration of the doctrine of consideration. Economic duress is mostly served to make contracts that were framed by using improper conduct to be termed as voidable. The doctrine is used in those circumstances when unlawful pressure is exerted on the parties and because of that pressure, people enter into a contract. This doctrine tries to prevent the disputes that might fall under extortion that have a higher effect. That can lead to such circumstances that might give a look that the consideration in the contract was a valid one. These kinds of matters might result in very unfair judgments being pronounced by the Courts and in those circumstances; the doctrine of consideration is likely to become even more invalid. These situations arise when one of the parties in the contract, which generally happens to be in the dominant position, uses the advantage of his position to induce his words in the mouth of the other party. There might also be a situation when because of the dominant position enjoyed by one party; the other party may be prevented from entering into a contract although the same might be beneficial for them. Generally, in all these circumstances, it is very simple to find an alternative shape of consideration in the agreement that ultimately results in unfair judgments being pronounced by the Courts. The Doctrine of Duress The doctrine of duress tries to protect the unscrupulous behaviour that often gets highlighted in the contracts when they are formed. The application of this doctrine is witnessed on a large scale where the unethical behaviour is displayed by the use of money, power, and favourable position. What the courts look forward to nowadays is not concerned with the application of the precedents of either Williams or Stilk. Rather, the application of the principle of the law that there should be the possible display of sufficient consideration is looked at by them. While the alternatives, on the one hand, have their own benefits, they also have certain limitations that are associated in addition to that. They firstly do not hold as good a foundation in the legal system as is held by the doctrine of consideration. Because consideration is one of essential doctrines governing the law of contracts, totally abolishing the same is somewhat difficult. Hence, in such a situation, the best alternativ e that is available is that it should be entirely left in the hands of the judges to decide a matter based on the circumstances of a case. It cannot be denied that there are certain flaws in the existing system but for that issue, totally abolishing the same can never be a solution. There can be certain revisions and amendments made in the existing system. Consideration is one of the essential elements of any contract and in legal language; it means the price for the contract that is paid by one party to the other party as an acknowledgement of the performance of the contract. What is essential in its characteristics is that it is supposed to move from the promise and should be sufficient. Originally, it was meant for those promises that were made in the domestic level and for transactions that were controlled by the landowners around the mid 18th century. Since there was the very little development of commerce, trade agreements were also not well developed. What has been of concern is that time has changed, and so has the legal framework, but the doctrine keeps working on its traditional way. There is also a great amount of confusion that has been put forth before the common masses between the legal benefit and the detriment post the judgment of Williams v Roffey. The question has also been put on the validity of the concept of consideration. It was held in this matter by the Court that Roffey Bros were supposed to pay Williams because they had derived a benefit that qualified to be sufficient consideration. The general rule regarding consideration is that none of the promises to perform a contract can ever qualify to be sufficient consideration. However, an exception was laid in this rule. It was stated that none of the parties should thrive to reap any additional benefits when the obligations have been fulfilled by the other party. The rule under the common law, on the contrary, looks at the detriment for those obligations that come under public duty. Hence, because the factual benefit is displayed in everyday behaviour very easily, hence, to apply the rule established in Williams the scope of the doctrine of consideration has to be altered. Analysis of the Situation Now, because the verdict in this matter was related to assessing the sufficiency of consideration, the judgment has left a smudge in the analysis of injury. If a benefit is said to be the adequate consideration, then, there must be no differentiated opinion over the judgments on different occasions. Thus, it should be a situation where the benefits earned should be sufficient in cases of price reduction as well. In the case of Re Selectmove Ltd, it was held that the promise to pay less did not qualify to be a valid agreement under the rule of Williams. The general rule as laid down in the Pinnels case which states that no part payment will be a sufficient consideration still prevails. Reference should be drawn of the case of Foakes v Beer. In this matter, it was held by the court that there was no supplementary profit that went from Foakes to Beer. If we could have got proof that certain additional benefit was moving from Foakes to Beer that would have amounted to a sufficient consideration. But, no plausible outcome was stated by the court that could prove towards a sufficient consideration. Hence, it can be very well said that the common law position is very unclear. Further, considering the case of Pao On, we can say that there may be consideration without duress while we evaluate the performance of duty towards a third party while there id legal benefit. Here again the principle laid down in Williams happens to be redundant. The courts in various occasions have taken varied views regarding the applicability of the consideration criteria. While generally, the importance is given to the intention to enter into a legal relationship, consideration has very often been overlooked. The examples of these instances are Chwee Kin Keong v Digilandmall.com Pty Ltd and Edwards v Skyways. The courts in these have laid that the priority should be given to the honour clauses rather than the requirement of consideration. The priority is always given to those circumstances where the contracts are drafted under a seal of the law. If the seal is present, seldom is importance given to the consideration criteria. The doctrine of consideration may seem to be a bit out of track because the intention behind the contract is given much more importance. Advantages and Disadvantages After having analyzed the various alternative approaches taken by the Courts, we shall now evaluate if these options are feasible methods or not. The duress doctrine provides that if any unfair pressure is put on any individual, he cannot be forced to enter into an agreement. If the doctrine of duress is applied in just conditions, then, the weaker party gets a protection under the law. However, in most of the instances, it is often difficult to determine in the specified instances if duress was present or not. Like in the case of Williams v Roffey, the ambiguity has not yet been resolved as to what is a normal commercial pressure and what is an economic duress. In any event, if economic duress is established, it has the effect of overriding consideration, and the contract is held to be invalid. In majority of the situations, the courts look at the presence of duress before validating a contract. Though strict guidelines are absent, the validity of the doctrine is often questioned and this often results in various uncertainties and ambiguities. As in the case of Barton v Armstrong, these clauses, only have the effect of making a contract voidable and not void. Thus, in this respect, we can state that unlike consideration, the duress cannot make a contract void. Hence, from this it is very clear that duress can never be a total replacement for the doctrine of consideration. To replace consideration, there are wider aspects over public policy as well. There are numerable public servants who are likely to misuse the concept for deriving benefits. In such matters, even though the presence of extortion will be low, yet, the additional benefits during the process is likely to have an effect over the performance of the duties. This conflict with the public policy on the face as it is detrimental for the society as well. Hence, to justify the position of the concept of duress, number of cases is required. Since, on the one hand, our society of today is largely dependent on the latest forms of trade and commerce, duress is likely to increase at a steady rate. On the other hand, the situation has not yet become so ripe that the entire concept can be over ridden by the concept of duress. Feasibility Criteria Thus, we can say that precisely, it is very difficult to abolish the consideration criteria in contracts and replace it totally with duress. The alternative of duress is not totally developed and concrete enough so that it can be used as a total replacement. Moreover, the basic role that is played by the concept of duress is very different from the concept of consideration as far as the basis of law is concerned. As the present situation goes, consideration goes at an equal pace with the requirement of duress. Duress in today's era is nothing more but a simple exception that moves parallel to the well established the doctrine of consideration. It is not a valid requirement foe any legal agreement to be termed as a contract and as far as the situation in the present day is in question, it goes very much hand in hand with consideration. The original doctrine of consideration still applies in every single case of contracts. Hence, it can be validly said that this doctrine of duress does not possess a similar threshold of coming at an equal standard of consideration and even if it does, it will become extremely difficult to determine the validity of these contracts in those areas which generally come under the exceptions if the entire concept of consideration is totally removed and detained. Conclusion While we come to write the conclusion in this respect, it can be said that the same may be totally removed but nowhere can it be said to be totally redundant. Considering the changing shape of commercial transactions, we can say that the common law in the upcoming time will evolve out gradually to remove all the redundancies that are present so that the requirements can be met by the society and the situation fits in the puzzle of the pressures of the modern society contracts. There has to be an analysis of many more cases under the common law doctrine to establish a valid jurisprudence in this regard. Since the law develops slower than the pace in which society develops, it should be borne in mind by all of us that the law is likely to suffer from certain imperfections. In order to have a reduction in these imperfections, exceptions do come out but the doctrines that have been considered to be the skeleton of the legal pillar and those which give a shape to the law, should be kept r unning. This is because they have an impact over many of the operations in which the society is till date engaged. The same logic applies over consideration as well. Abolishing the entire concept is likely to create greater chaos and confusion in the legal domain. References Axelsen D and Nielsen L, 'Sufficiency As Freedom From Duress' [2014] J Polit Philos Denning A, 'RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE DOCTRINE OF CONSIDERATION' (1952) 15 The Modern Law Review E-lawresources.co.uk, 'Contract Consideration' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015 E-lawresources.co.uk, 'Duress' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015 Enonchong N, Duress, Undue Influence And Unconscionable Dealing (Sweet Maxwell 2006) Ibbetson D, 'DURESS REVISITED' (2005) 64 Cam. Law. J. Inbrief.co.uk, 'Duress And Undue Influence In Contract Law' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015 Mcbridesguides.com, 'Doctrine Of Consideration | Mcbridesguides' (2012) accessed 5 August 2015 Sjol.co.uk, 'Why English Contract Law Should Prohibit Unfair Conduct In Contractual Negotiations By A General Doctrine Of Unconscionability - The Student Journal Of Law' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015 Swain W, 'The Changing Nature Of The Doctrine Of Consideration, 17501850' (2005) 26 The Journal of Legal History Barton v Armstrong [1973] UKPC 2 [1973] UKPC Chwee Kin Keong and Others v Digilandmallcom Pte Ltd [2005] SGCA 2 [2005] SGCA Edwards v Skyways [1964] 1 WLR 349 (1964) 1 WLR Foakes v Beer [1884] UKHL Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1979] UKPC 2 [1979] UKPC Re Selectmove Ltd [1993] EWCA Sea-Land Service Inc v Cheong Fook Chee Vincent (1994) 3 SLR 631 (1994) 3 SLR Williams v Roffey Bros and Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd (1990) 1 All ER A. T. Denning, 'RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE DOCTRINE OF CONSIDERATION' (1952) 15 The Modern Law Review. Williams v Roffey Bros and Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd (1990) 1 All ER. Sea-Land Service Inc v Cheong Fook Chee Vincent (1994) 3 SLR 631 (1994) 3 SLR. Warren Swain, 'The Changing Nature Of The Doctrine Of Consideration, 17501850' (2005) 26 The Journal of Legal History. Mcbridesguides.com, 'Doctrine Of Consideration | Mcbridesguides' (2012) accessed 5 August 2015. David V. Axelsen and Lasse Nielsen, 'Sufficiency As Freedom From Duress' [2014] J Polit Philos. Nelson Enonchong, Duress, Undue Influence And Unconscionable Dealing (Sweet Maxwell 2006). E-lawresources.co.uk, 'Duress' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015. David Ibbetson, 'DURESS REVISITED' (2005) 64 Cam. Law. J. Re Selectmove Ltd [1993] EWCA. E-lawresources.co.uk, 'Contract Consideration' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015. Foakes v Beer [1884] UKHL. Inbrief.co.uk, 'Duress And Undue Influence In Contract Law' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015. Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1979] UKPC 2 [1979] UKPC. Chwee Kin Keong and Others v Digilandmallcom Pte Ltd [2005] SGCA 2 [2005] SGCA. Edwards v Skyways [1964] 1 WLR 349 (1964) 1 WLR. Barton v Armstrong [1973] UKPC 2 [1973] UKPC. Sjol.co.uk, 'Why English Contract Law Should Prohibit Unfair Conduct In Contractual Negotiations By A General Doctrine Of Unconscionability - The Student Journal Of Law' (2015) accessed 5 August 2015.